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Paul McCartney includes new song on vinyl version of album protesting UK AI copyright law proposal

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In February, more than 1,000 artists – including Kate Bush, Annie Lennox of Eurythmics, and Damon Albarn of Blur and The Gorillaz – released a “silent album” in protest against the UK government’s proposed changes to copyright law.

Now the album is being released on vinyl, with a bonus track –  a recording of an empty studio – from Beatles legend Sir Paul McCartney.

The LP will be available from December 8, with all profits from sales of the album donated to the charity, Help Musicians.

The bonus track marks McCartney’s latest UK copyright law-related protest. In May, over 400 artists, including McCartney, Sir Elton John and Dua LipaColdplay, and Shirley Bassey, among others, signed a letter to UK Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer urging his government to mandate transparency in the training of AI, and to create a licensing marketplace for AI developers and copyright holders.

February’s release of the silent album protesting the UK government’s planned changes to copyright law took aim at a proposal that would make it easier to train AI models on copyrighted work without a license.

The album, titled Is This What We Want?, featured recordings of empty studios and performance spaces, which organizers say were aimed to represent the impact on artists’ and music professionals’ livelihoods “if the government does not change course”.

The digital release in February 2025 reached No.38 in the UK album chart. The vinyl is being released by The state51 Conspiracy.

According to the press release announcing the new vinyl version of the album, under the proposals, UK copyright law “would be upended to benefit global tech giants”.

As reported in February, the government of Prime Minister Keir Starmer had proposed a plan designed to make the UK competitive in the race to develop artificial intelligence. Based on a 50-point AI Opportunities Action Plan delivered to Parliament in January, the consultation proposed – among other things – creating an “opt-out” system for using copyrighted material to train AI.

However, facing major backlash from the creative sector, the government has said this proposal is no longer its preferred option and it continues to review its approach.

Monday’s press release added that under the proposal, “AI companies would be free to use an artist’s work to train their AI models without permission or remuneration. The government’s proposed changes would require artists to proactively ‘opt-out’ from the theft of their work – reversing the very principle of copyright law”.

It added: “‘Opt-out’ models are near impossible to enforce, have yet to be proven effective anywhere else in the world, and place enormous burdens on artists, particularly emerging talent.”

“The government must commit to not handing the life’s work of the country’s musicians to AI companies for free.”

Ed Newton-Rex

Ed Newton-Rex, the organizer of the album, said: “The government must commit to not handing the life’s work of the country’s musicians to AI companies for free.

“Doing so would be hugely damaging to our world-leading creative industries, and is totally unnecessary, only benefiting overseas tech giants. It should listen to Paul McCartney and the 1,000 other musicians who took part in this album, and resist calls to legalise music theft from the big tech lobby.”

“When tech companies lobby governments to give them songs for free, it’s not so they can cure diseases, feed the hungry, or provide clean water where it is needed.”

Paul Sanders, The state51 Conspiracy

Paul Sanders, founder of The state51 Conspiracy, added: “When tech companies lobby governments to give them songs for free, it’s not so they can cure diseases, feed the hungry, or provide clean water where it is needed.

“It’s simply so they can make millions of fake songs and keep all the profits for themselves. As a company with a lifelong commitment to musicians The state51 Conspiracy was honoured to be asked to help get this message out on vinyl. All profits go to Help Musicians, which is what our politicians should be doing instead of sucking up to tech bros.”Music Business Worldwide

Ukraine to receive US liquefied natural gas through Greece

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Vital supplies of US liquefied natural gas are due to start flowing into war-ravaged Ukraine this winter via a pipeline across the Balkans.

The deal was announced after Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky met Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis in Athens on Sunday. Greece is working to increase the flow of American LNG to its terminals to “replace Russian gas in the region”, Mitsotakis said recently.

The European Commission plans to ban all imports of Russian gas to EU member states by the end of 2027, arguing revenue from such sales funds Russia’s war in Ukraine.

Zelensky is currently in France, where he President Emmanuel Macron signed a letter of intent to buy up to 100 Rafale jets.

Fighting continued overnight, with six people reportedly killed in Russian attacks in the Kharkiv, Kherson and Donetsk regions of Ukraine.

Russia’s military said it had taken control of three more Ukrainian villages – one each in the Kharkiv, Donetsk and Dnipropetrovsk regions.

None of the reports could be independently verified.

Speaking earlier in Athens, Zelensky was quoted as saying that deliveries of US LNG would begin in January.

“We rebuild each time the Russians destroy but this truly requires time, much effort, equipment and, regarding gas… imports to compensate for the destruction by the Russians of our own production,” he said.

“Greece is becoming an energy security provider for your homeland,” Mitsotakis told the Ukrainian president.

Zelensky said Kyiv had allocated funds for gas imports from European partners and banks under European Commission guarantees, as well as from Ukrainian banks, to help cover imports through to March at a cost of nearly €2bn (£1.8bn; $2.3bn), according to news agency Reuters.

Since 2015, when it stopped buying Russian gas directly, Ukraine has been receiving supplies from various EU states.

The Soviet-era Trans-Balkan pipeline links Ukraine to LNG terminals in Greece via Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria.

There have been fears of an energy crisis in Ukraine this winter after sustained Russian attacks on its energy facilities, notably thermal power plants.

The UN Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs has issued a formal warning, saying “the approaching winter poses new risks for Ukrainians… as intensified attacks on energy networks undermine efforts to maintain warmth in homes, schools and health centres”.

The letter signed by Zelensky and Macron while visiting the Villacoublay air base near Paris sets out possible future contracts for Ukraine to acquire Rafale fighter jets “with their associated weapons”.

The letter, which is not a purchase and sales contract, also sets out deals for SAMP-T air defence systems, radar systems and drones.

On an visit to Sweden last month, Zelensky signed a letter of intent to buy between 100 and 150 Gripen fighter jets.

In France, Zelensky also went to Mont Valerien, to the west of Paris, to visit the nascent headquarters of a planned multinational force that may one day help oversee a Ukraine-Russia ceasefire.

Tens of thousands of people, most of them soldiers, have been killed or injured, and millions of civilians have fled their homes, since Russian President Vladimir Putin launched his full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.

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Spain vs Turkey: World Cup 2026 Qualifier – Team Updates, Kick-off Time, and Expected Lineups | Soccer Updates

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Who: Spain vs Turkiye
What: UEFA World Cup qualifier, Group E
Where: La Cartuja Stadium in Seville, Spain
When: Tuesday at 8:45pm (19:45 GMT)

Click here to follow our live coverage.

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Unbeaten Spain (5-0-0) is guaranteed direct qualification into the FIFA World Cup 2026 if they beat Turkiye in their last Group E fixture on Tuesday in Seville.

Armed with a three-point lead – and a huge goal difference – Luis de la Fuente’s side are in a highly advantageous position to clinch a 13th consecutive appearance at football’s global showpiece.

Turkiye (4-0-1), for their part, still have a mathematical chance to steal the top spot from Spain in their Matchday 10 finale – but they will need to rain down a plethora of goals on the reigning European champions to avoid the runners-up spot.

Here is all to know about their Group E return clash:

Current Group E standings (one fixture remaining):

  • Spain – 15 points (from five matches)
  • Turkiye – 12 points (from five matches)
  • Georgia – 3 points (from five matches)
  • Bulgaria – 0 points (from five matches)

How can Spain qualify for the World Cup?

Spain currently sits at the top of their Group E with five wins out of five fixtures and have a perfect record with 15 points.

Scenario 1:

A draw or a win in their final match against Turkiye would seal their spot at the 2026 World Cup with an insurmountable lead in the group.

Scenario 2: 

A loss to Turkiye would mean both teams conclude the qualification period with 15 points from six matches – but with Spain having a vastly superior goal difference.

To finish first in Group E, Turkiye would have to pull off a stunning seven-goal victory away to Spain to pip La Roja for automatic World Cup qualification.

How can Turkiye qualify for the World Cup?

Turkiye sit in second position in Group E with 12 points – nine points clear of next-best Georgia.

Unless they can defeat Spain by seven goals, Turkiye will enter the UEFA playoff competition in March as the group runners-up.

Turkiye last took part in the World Cup finals in 2002, finishing a surprise third place in the tournament that was co-hosted by Japan and South Korea.

Spain’s Mikel Merino celebrates scoring his side’s fifth goal against Turkiye in their UEFA World Cup Qualifier Group E fixture at Konya Buyuksehir Arena, Konya, Turkiye on September 7, 2025 [Murad Sezer/Reuters]

What happened the last time Spain and Turkiye played?

Mikel Merino’s hat-trick helped Spain thrash hosts Turkiye 6-0 in their last World Cup qualifier on September 7.

The home side had no answer to Spain’s dominance, undone time and again by the visitors’ speed and finesse, with a helpless Turkish defence torn apart on every counterattack.

That loss remains Turkiye’s only defeat in Group E.

Will Lamine Yamal play for Spain?

Barcelona star forward Lamine Yamal will miss Spain’s final World Cup qualifier against Turkiye as he continues to manage an ongoing groin issue.

Yamal, 18, underwent a small procedure in Barcelona on November 10 to try and fix the problem. Doctors estimate his recovery time from the surgery at 7-10 days.

Lamine Yamal reacts.
Star forward Lamine Yamal is one of several key players missing from Spain’s final Group E fixture against Turkiye on Tuesday [File: Murad Sezer/Reuters]

Head-to-head

Spain has never lost to Turkiye in the six international fixtures they have played since 2005.

  • Spain – won 5
  • Turkiye – won 0
  • Draws – 1

Form Guide:

Spain: W-W-W-W-W (UEFA World Cup qualifiers, most recent result last)

Turkiye: W-L-W-W-W (UEFA World Cup qualifiers, most recent result last)

Spain team news

In addition to Yamal’s unavailability, Spain heads into the Turkiye fixture without other key players Dani Carvajal, Pedri and Rodri.

Dean Huijsen is also questionable with a groin issue and is likely to be a game-time decision for De la Fuente.

Mikel Oyarzabal, who has scored eight goals in his last eight international appearances, will again be the No 1 choice to lead the line for Spain on Tuesday.

Turkiye team news

The Turkish Football Federation has officially ruled out Inter Milan midfield star Hakan Calhanoglu against Spain after he picked up a wrist injury during the previous international match against Bulgaria on Saturday.

Calhanoglu, who is the top goalscorer in Italy’s top-flight Serie A this season, will likely be replaced in an attacking midfield position by Isak Vural, who has been brought into the squad.

Head coach Vincenzo Montella will almost certainly be without Galatasaray defender Kaan Ayhan, who is highly questionable after he was substituted on Saturday with a groin injury.

Midfielder Ismail Yuksek will serve a one-match ban after picking up a second yellow card in the qualifying campaign against Bulgaria.

Hakan Calhanoglu reacts.
Hakan Calhanoglu’s omission from the Turkiye side to play Spain makes their monumental task of outscoring the European champions by seven goals all the more difficult [Umit Bektas/Reuters]

Predicted starting lineups:

Spain: Simon (goalkeeper); Porro, Cubarsi, Laporte, Cucurella; Merino, Zubimendi, Ruiz; Torres, Oyarzabal, Baena

Turkiye: Cakir (goalkeeper); Celik, Demiral, Bardakci, Kadioglu; Vural, Kocu; Aydin, Guler, Yildiz; Akturkoglu

What the coaches had to say:

De la Fuente:

The Spain head coach is not taking his team’s unbeaten Group E run for granted before Tuesday’s fixture with Turkiye.

“Our aim is to qualify for the [FIFA] World Cup,” he said.

“Regardless of the results in this phase, we want to win to secure our place in the qualifiers, and that means fighting, working hard and doing things right to give ourselves the best chance of winning.

“It’s very difficult to win and we want to continue on our path, but one game at a time and one day at a time,” De la Fuente said.

“Every now and then it’s good to keep our feet on the ground. What this team is doing is very difficult, but we want to keep improving.”

Montella:

The Turkiye head coach has deployed a strong tactical game plan against Spain, but concedes his side’s chances of overtaking the European champions in the points table are slim.

“It [the fixture] won’t have much effect on the points table, but it’s important for us nonetheless,” he said. “I believe in my players.”

When and where is the FIFA World Cup 2026?

The tournament is being staged across the United States, Canada and Mexico. The first match will be played in Mexico City on June 11, while the final will be staged in New Jersey, US, on July 19.

Due to the expansion of the tournament – from 32 teams to 48 – the 39-day event is the longest in its history.

MetLife Stadium.
The MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, US, will stage the FIFA World Cup 2026 final on July 19 [File: Kena Betancur/VIEWpress via Getty Images]

Deutsche Bank changes Azimut stock rating to Hold due to regulatory concerns

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Deutsche Bank downgrades Azimut stock to Hold on regulatory issues

Trump urges House Republicans to approve release of Epstein files

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Reuters US President Donald Trump speaks to reporters, with the night sky pictured behind himReuters

US President Donald Trump has urged lawmakers in his own party to vote to release files relating to the late convicted paedophile financier Jeffrey Epstein.

Trump wrote on Sunday night that Republicans in the House of Representatives should do so “because we have nothing to hide”.

The reversal of his recent position follows a slow drip feed of documents concerning the disgraced financier by House Democrats, some of which reference Trump, who has always denied any link to Epstein’s sex abuse and trafficking.

But details of his and other prominent figures’ past relationship with Epstein have fuelled speculation and led to a public spat with one of Trump’s staunchest supporters.

Potentially dozens of Republicans have now signalled they are willing to break ranks and vote in favour of a bill that would compel the US government to publish all the documents on Epstein and the criminal investigations into him that it holds.

Supporters of the bill appear to have enough votes for it to pass the House this week, though it is unclear whether it would pass in the Senate, the other chamber of the US Congress.

Epstein was found dead in his New York prison cell in 2019, in what a coroner later ruled a suicide. He was being held on charges of sex trafficking, having previously been convicted of soliciting prostitution from a minor in 2008.

Trump repeated White House dismissals of the attention over the Epstein files as a Democrat-led “hoax” to “deflect” attention away from his party’s work.

“The Department of Justice has already turned over tens of thousands of pages to the Public on ‘Epstein,’ are looking at various Democrat operatives (Bill Clinton, Reid Hoffman, Larry Summers, etc.) and their relationship to Epstein, and the House Oversight Committee can have whatever they are legally entitled to, I DON’T CARE!,” he wrote on his Truth social platform.

He added that he wanted Republicans to “get BACK ON POINT”.

Republican House Speaker Mike Johnson made a similar point on Sunday, saying calls to release the files were the “entire game plan” for opposition Democrats.

“Trump has clean hands,” Johnson told Fox News. “He’s not worried about it. I talk to him all the time. He has nothing to do with this. He’s frustrated that they’re turning it into a political issue.”

Since returning to the White House, Trump has dismissed the need to release more documents, despite this being a key demand of many of his supporters and some of his key allies.

Trump was historically photographed at social gatherings with Epstein, but has repeatedly said he severed contact with the financier years before Epstein’s 2008 conviction, and was unaware of his criminal activity.

The US president’s change of position on the matter comes after Democrats on the House Oversight Committee published three email exchanges, including correspondence between Epstein and his long-time associate Ghislaine Maxwell, who is currently serving a 20-year prison sentence for sex trafficking.

Some of those exchanges make references to Trump. In one email, sent in 2011, Epstein writes to Maxwell: “I want you to realize that that dog that hasn’t barked is Trump.. [VICTIM] spent hours at my house with him.”

The White House said on Wednesday that the victim referenced in the email was prominent Epstein accuser Virginia Giuffre.

There is no implication of any wrongdoing by Trump in the emails.

Hours after the release, House Republicans published a far larger tranche of 20,000 files to counter what they said was a Democratic effort to “cherry-pick” documents in an attempt to “create a fake narrative to slander” Trump.

Both Democrats and some Republicans have been backing legislation to release all the documents. Republican Representative Thomas Massie, a co-sponsor of the bill, said in an interview with ABC News on Sunday that as many as 100 Republicans could vote in favour.

Known as the Epstein Files Transparency Act, the bill aims to force the Justice Department to release all unclassified records, documents, communications and investigative materials linked to paedophile financier Jeffrey Epstein.

Trump would also have to sign off on the release of the documents if it passes both legislative chambers.

White House: Epstein story ‘a manufactured hoax’

In a letter addressed to Congress, Epstein survivors and Giuffre’s family called for US lawmakers to vote in favour of releasing the files.

“Remember that your primary duty is to your constituents. Look into the eyes of your children, your sisters, your mothers, and your aunts,” the letter reads.

“Imagine if they had been preyed upon. Imagine if you yourself were a survivor. What would you want for them? What would you want for yourself? When you vote, we will remember your decision at the ballot box.”

Trump’s handling of the issue has led in recent days to a public feud with Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene, traditionally one of his fiercest proponents.

The US president attacked her on Friday, calling her “wacky” and a “traitor”, and suggesting that she should be unseated in next year’s elections.

Greene in turn questioned whether Trump was still putting “America First” and said he was “making an example” of her to scare other Republicans away from voting in favour of the bill.

Meanwhile, the US Justice Department has confirmed it will investigate Epstein’s alleged links to major banks and several prominent Democrats, including former US President Clinton. He has strongly denied he had any knowledge of Epstein’s crimes.

The names of Hoffman, the founder of LinkedIn and a prominent Democratic donor, and Summers, Clinton’s treasury secretary, both appeared in the most recent release.

Summers has previously expressed regret over being in contact with Epstein following his conviction, while Hoffman has said the extent of his involvement with the broker was to fundraise for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Watch: How much do Americans care about the Epstein story?

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Chris Eubank Jr. Unveils the Precise Moment He Realized He Would Be Defeated by Conor Benn

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The inquest into what went wrong for Chris Eubank Jr during his defeat to Conor Benn continues, but the fighter himself offered a few thoughts in the aftermath.

Despite concerns that Eubank–Benn II came too soon — just seven months after their first meeting — and that Eubank was facing a second straight contractual 10lb rehydration clause, many still believed he would prove too much for the younger, less experienced Benn.

Their first fight at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium lived up to the hype and honoured the decades-long rivalry between both families. Eubank edged it on points, though there was at least an argument that Benn deserved the nod.

Last night, second time around, there was no doubt. When MC Michael Buffer read out the three scorecards, it was clear who had earned the right to have his hand raised.

So, what went wrong for Eubank? The 36-year-old had no intention of making the evening about himself during a brief post-fight press conference, but he did offer this reflection:

“I genuinely thought that regardless of the issues that I’ve been dealing with, I would be able to go in there and win. From that first round, I realised that I was mistaken. Conor Benn put on a hell of a fight. He had a great performance. He did everything that was asked of him, and I congratulate him for his performance.”

Before the seven-minute presser ended Eubank’s promoter Ben Shalom praised the British star for taking on the rematch.

What Chris went through in camp, he won’t want to talk about it – but the things I saw he did incredibly well to get in the ring tonight.”

Asia-Pacific president Stephen Karpin states that Visa is embracing AI-enabled payments and stablecoins to maintain a competitive edge

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Societies are shifting away from cash, and embracing new ways to make payments and transfer money. In Asia, many have turned to e-wallets, QR codes, and super apps—skipping physical credit cards entirely. 

Traditional card companies are reinventing themselves to stay ahead of the game. “These days, when people talk about ‘cards’, it’s not just a piece of plastic. It’s a digital network proposition where you can pay or be paid,” Stephen Karpin, Visa’s Asia-Pacific president, told Fortune on Tuesday.

On Wednesday, on the sidelines of the Singapore FinTech Festival, Visa revealed two new features for its regional clientele: AI-enabled payments and stablecoin settlements.

The first marks the company’s expansion into agentic commerce, where consumers across Asia can tap on AI-powered agents to shop and pay on their behalf. 

OpenAI’s release of ChatGPT catalyzed a fundamental shift in commerce, Karpin said. “The breadth with which it’s transforming how one understands and finds things in the world is quite profound. Yet one of the things missing from the current state of a LLM-powered chatbot is the ability to make payment via an agent,” he said.

This means that online shoppers can use AI chatbots to discover, browse and select items—but can’t yet use them to complete payments. 

Customers can load their Visa cards on an agent system—just as they might with Apple or Google Pay. They are then given the option to opt in for ‘personalization’, to receive recommendations of “intelligent shopping decisions” based on their past preferences.

Users are then prompted to make payment within the AI platform—securely, with tokenization and authentication—completing an end-to-end online shopping process. 

Stablecoins

The second initiative is Visa’s stable settlement pilot, which enables select partners to pay using stablecoins across supported blockchains. Stablecoins are digital currencies designed to have a stable value, by pegging them to less volatile assets such as fiat currencies, most commonly the U.S. dollar).

Karpin said that Visa had recognized the value of blockchain technology for payments since the time first emerged a decade ago. Today, more cross-border transactions than ever are taking place via stablecoins.

“​​We want to make [stablecoins] one of the options to make and receive payments all around the world, when the regulatory environment is ready,” Karpin added. “We’ve got some assets in the form of technology and capability, and want to help businesses large and small start conducting commerce in Web3.”

Asia’s shifting payments space

Karpin has worked at Visa for over a decade, cutting his teeth in the South Pacific, Southeast Asian, and Japanese markets—before becoming the firm’s Asia-Pacific president in 2023.

Things are shifting in Asia’s payments space, he said, noting that more change has happened in the last five years as compared to the previous fifty.

Super apps—single apps consolidating multiple services like ride-hailing, food delivery and digital payments—is one such disruptor, he said. 

They first took off in mainland China, with the founding of Alipay in 2004 and WeChat Pay in 2013. Southeast Asian tech giant Grab followed suit, launching GrabPay in 2016.

But instead of regarding super apps and e-wallets as competition, Visa is looking for ways to work with them.

“You can live your life on a super app now, so we’re partnering with them to digitalize the Visa credential,” Karpin said.

He cited Visa’s partnership with Taiwan’s Line Pay as an example, which allows Taiwanese users to travel abroad and pay by scanning any QR codes connected to the Visa network.

Visa is also widely accepted in global destinations beyond Asia, making it easier for long-distance travelers to make seamless payments overseas.

“[When traveling further abroad], you can’t use a super app with a QR. We’re partnering with e-wallets so you can use your phone to tap to get onto the New York subway, or buy lunch in London,” Karpin said.

Visa is the world’s second-largest card payment organization based on the annual value of card payments transacted and the number of issued cards, after being surpassed by China’s UnionPay in 2015. Yet Visa, No. 127 on the Fortune 500, leads in global transaction volume.

Benefits of Brain Exercise May Come from Blood Transfer

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One of the brain’s biggest benefits from exercise – the birth of new neurons – may not even require any movement. Instead, the beneficial “packages” circulating in the blood after working out can be successfully transferred to others.

When we exercise, thousands of molecules are released into the bloodstream – including extracellular vesicles (EVs), microscopic packages filled with proteins, RNA, fats and other signaling molecules. These are also small enough to cross the blood-brain barrier to trigger neurogenesis – the growth of neurons – in the hippocampus. But a key question remained: would these exercise-stimulated vesicles still work if you delivered them to someone who hadn’t exercised at all?

Researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have now answered that, demonstrating that these extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be taken from one body to another without losing their power.

Adult male mice were given constant access to running wheels for four weeks, while another group was kept sedentary with their wheels locked in place. At the end of the four weeks, the team collected blood from both groups and isolated EVs, which were separated into two samples, exercise-derived EVs (ExerVs) and sedentary-derived EVs (SedVs).

Another set of sedentary mice were then randomly assigned to receive either the ExerV or SedV preparation or a placebo injection (phosphate-buffered saline). The scientists found that sedentary mice that had received the ExerVs transfusion showed a significant increase in the density of new cells – and 89.4%of these new cells had differentiated into neurons (NeuN).

The researchers then assessed how many cells in the dentate gyrus, a region of the hippocampus known to generate neurons throughout life, via bromodeoxyuridine or BrdU labeling – a sort of molecular timestamp on newly formed cells. The ExerVs group had around 50% more BrdU-positive neurons than either control group. In fact, the SedV-treated mice were all but identical to the placebo group, indicating that the brain boost was specific to the exercise-induced EVs.

A second set of mice independently replicated these results, confirming that it was the EVs, not genetics, driving the generation of new neurons.

“Our findings demonstrate that systemically administered ExerVs robustly enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis by approximately 50% in sedentary mice,” the team noted. “This effect was reproduced across two independent cohorts, underscoring the reliability and rigor of the observation.”

And, importantly, even though more new neurons were being made from ExerV transfusion, there weren’t any significant changes in overall hippocampal structure. This supports previous research that found that exercise-induced neuron growth was balanced by natural processes like pruning – where the brain gets rid of underperforming neurons and synapses.

So, what does this mean for us? The normal limitations of an animal study apply, and the researchers did not test whether the increase in neurons benefited cognitive functioning in the mice. However, it’s a promising outcome for EV-based therapies that, if replicated in humans, could give people with limited physical activity due to injury, neurological disease or frailty the chance to benefit from these EVs like healthy adults.

The researchers say the next steps will be to determine whether these EVs improve learning, memory or stress processing, and whether they can shield the brain from the neuron deterioration in the hippocampus seen in conditions like depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Alzheimer’s disease.

“These findings demonstrate that systemically delivered ExerVs are sufficient to enhance hippocampal neurogenesis but not vascular coverage,” the researchers noted. “ExerVs may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for conditions marked by hippocampal atrophy, given their ability to enhance adult neurogenesis. Future studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms linking peripheral ExerV administration to increased neurogenesis, and to determine whether this enhancement can restore cognitive function under conditions of hippocampal damage.”

The research was published in the journal Brain Research.

Source: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign via MedicalXpress

Russian assault claims lives of 3 in Kharkiv; President Zelenskyy of Ukraine to hold talks with President Macron | Latest Updates on Emmanuel Macron

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