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AI Uncovers Intricate Language Patterns in Sperm Whales

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The generation of a photorealistic video with a simple command is a striking example of AI applications. However, there are less obvious areas, such as its use in data analysis in construction or predicting wear and tear on machine parts, that demonstrate AI’s deeper impact on various human activities. Science is no exception. MIT recently announced a significant breakthrough in understanding the animal kingdom through AI. Their study, which applied artificial intelligence to sperm whales, suggests that these creatures’ language is much closer to human communication than previously believed.

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The mysterious alphabet of sperm whales

Sperm whales are surprising in many ways. They boast the largest teeth of any animal, but their most remarkable feature is their brain, which is six times larger than a human’s. Additionally, they maintain complex social relationships within families and groups. These factors led MIT scientists to study their language using artificial intelligence, in collaboration with the Cetacean Translation Initiative (CETI).

The roots of this work trace back to 1971, when CETI published an article in Science magazine revealing that sperm whales could sing songs. Now, with the aid of AI, they have progressed further. By employing machine learning techniques and D-tags attached to each whale, researchers discovered that these cetaceans use a phonetic alphabet with complex and combinatorial structures.

The researchers analyzed nine thousand “codas,” the bursts of sound emitted by sperm whales. Algorithms identified four basic elements: rhythm, tempo, rubato, and ornamentation. The whales use these techniques to create diverse vocalizations that vary by context, allowing other whales to recognize and engage in dialogue.

Artificial intelligence to decode animal language

Daniela Rus, director of MIT’s CSAIL lab behind the project, suggests that the findings could challenge the idea that humans are the only species capable of processing complex language. This research is also a crucial step toward decoding the languages of other species and, eventually, achieving human-animal communication.

“The data collected may come to question whether humans are the only species capable of processing complex language.”

Moreover, Rus highlights a surprising application of AI: understanding beings from other planets. The science fiction film Arrival posed a great challenge of contacting an alien civilization: language. It’s conceivable that algorithms could help us communicate with extraterrestrial civilizations if such contact ever occurs.

An ambitious AI project to understand the animal kingdom

Back on Earth, one of the most fascinating AI projects in animal communication is the Earth Species Project. This initiative has been working for several years to unravel the mysteries of language in various species. Collaborating with biologists and neural network experts, they are developing standards for data collection, AI models, pattern detection systems, and ultimately, a platform to interpret and communicate with animal language. Their work so far includes studies on crows and beluga whales, among others.

For more insights into the potential of AI applied to animals, check out our previous article on using AI to interpret the sounds of monkeys like marmosets and other mammals such as prairie dogs.

 

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Prosecutors in South Korea seek detention of former president Yoon

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South Korea prosecutors file request to detain ex-president Yoon

Former Chicago White Sox pitcher Bobby Jenks passes away at the age of 44

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Former Chicago White Sox pitcher Bobby Jenks has died at the age of 44 from a rare form of stomach cancer.

Jenks was a two-time All-Star pitcher for the Chicago White Sox and was part of the team that ended their 88-year wait for a World Series title in 2005.

He threw the final pitch of the match in game four of the series as the White Sox beat the Houston Astros.

“We have lost an iconic member of the White Sox family,” White Sox chairman Jerry Reinsdorf said in a statement.

“None of us will ever forget all that Bobby did for the 2005 World Series champions and for the entire Sox organisation during his time in Chicago.”

US Secret Service Expands Global Efforts to Combat Crypto Scams

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The scam began with a message, then a friendly exchange. A stranger directed the victim to a cryptocurrency investment site that appeared professional — slick design, charts, even customer support. The first deposit showed a modest profit. So did the next. Encouraged, the victim sent more, even borrowing money to keep up. Then, without warning, the platform stopped responding. The account balance disappeared.

“That’s how they do it,” Jamie Lam, an investigative analyst with the US Secret Service, told law enforcement officials in Bermuda last month. “They’ll send you a photo of a really good-looking guy or girl. But it’s probably some old guy in Russia.”

Secret Service investigators traced the fraud to the domain name behind the fake investment site. Using open-source tools, they found out when it was registered, by whom and how it had been paid for. A cryptocurrency payment pointed them to another wallet. A brief VPN failure exposed an IP address.

Lam is part of the agency’s Global Investigative Operations Center or GIOC, a team specializing in digital financial crimes. Their tools are software, subpoenas, and spreadsheets, not badges or guns.

“It’s not always that hard,” Lam said. “Sometimes you just need patience.”

Patience and digital tools have helped the GIOC seize nearly $400 million in digital assets over the last decade, a figure not previously reported, according to people familiar with the matter who asked not to be identified discussing private conversations.

Much of that trove sits in a single cold-storage wallet that now ranks among the most valuable anywhere. After leading crackdowns on digital currencies such as Liberty Reserve and E-Gold in the 1990s, the agency best known for protecting US presidents has become one of the world’s biggest crypto custodians.

At the center of the operation is Kali Smith, a lawyer who directs the Secret Service’s cryptocurrency strategy. 

Her team has conducted workshops in more than 60 countries to train local law enforcers and prosecutors in unmasking digital crimes. The agency targets jurisdictions where criminals exploit weak oversight or residency-for-sale programs, and provides the training for free.

“Sometimes after just a week-long training, they can be like, ‘Wow, we didn’t even realize that this is occurring in our country,’” she said.

Last month, the team flew to Bermuda, a British overseas territory that has marketed itself to digital-asset firms with one of the world’s most comprehensive crypto frameworks — and exposed itself to new threats in the process.

“Technologies and financial services are fantastic for economic growth, but they can also be exploited,” Bermuda’s governor, Andrew Murdoch, said in an interview. “Alongside the benefits, you need strong investigative powers to deal with abuse under the law.”

Inside a conference room on a hill overlooking Hamilton Harbor, Smith told her class that scam victims usually see opportunity. “They think they can use Bitcoin and be safe. But that isn’t the case,” she said.

One real-life case involved an Idaho teenager who thought he was flirting online and sent a nude photo to a stranger. The stranger then demanded $300 or the image would be sent to his relatives. He paid twice before going to police. 

GIOC analysts reconstructed the extortion with screenshots, receipts and blockchain data. Payments had been routed through another American teenager coerced into acting as a money mule, then funneled to an account that had processed about $4.1 million across nearly 6,000 transactions and was registered to a Nigerian passport, according to an analyst who asked not to be named because the investigation is ongoing.

British officers arrested the suspected extortionist when he landed in Guildford, England. He remains in custody awaiting extradition, the analyst said.

Fraud tied to digital currencies now drives a majority of US internet-crime losses. Americans reported $9.3 billion in crypto-related scams in 2024, more than half of the $16.6 billion logged that year, FBI data show. Older victims bore the largest share, losing nearly $2.8 billion, much of it to bogus investment sites.

Some schemes spill into real-world violence. In New York, two investors were indicted for allegedly kidnapping and torturing a longtime friend inside a townhouse to force access to his digital wallet. In Connecticut, six men were charged with abducting the parents of a teenage hacker who had stolen $245 million in Bitcoin, beating them in a failed ransom attempt.

To claw back stolen funds, the Secret Service leans on industry partners. Coinbase and Tether have publicly acknowledged assisting in recent cases, providing trace analysis and wallet freezes. One of the largest recoveries involved $225 million in USDT, the dollar-pegged token known as Tether, linked to romance-investment scams.

“We’ve been following the money for 160 years,” said Patrick Freaney, head of the agency’s New York field office, which oversees Bermuda. “This training is part of that mission.”

The Complicated Succession of the Dalai Lama

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Just before the Dalai Lama turned 90, he announced that his successor would be selected through the traditional process of reincarnation. Mujib Mashal, The New York Times’s South Asia bureau chief, explains why this process could increase tensions with China.

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Iran’s Supreme Leader Khamenei emerges in public for the first time following conflict with Israel | Latest updates on Israel-Iran tensions

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Ayatollah Ali Khamenei attended a mourning ceremony on the eve of the Muslim holy day of Ashura.

Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has attended a religious ceremony in Tehran, making his first public appearance since the 12 days of conflict between Israel and Iran.

The 85-year-old leader appeared in a video aired by state media on Saturday, which showed dozens of people attending an event at a mosque to mark Ashura, the holiest day of the Shia Muslim calendar.

In the footage, Khamenei is seen waving and nodding to the chanting crowd, which rose to its feet as he entered the mosque.

State TV said the clip was filmed at the Imam Khomeini Mosque in central Tehran.

Khamenei has avoided public appearances since the start of the fighting on June 13, and his speeches have all been prerecorded.

The United States, which joined in the Israeli attacks by bombing three key nuclear sites in Iran on June 22, had sent warnings to Khamenei, with US President Donald Trump saying on social media that Washington knew where the Iranian leader was, but had no plans to kill him, “at least for now”.

On June 26, in prerecorded remarks aired on state television, Khamenei rejected Trump’s calls for Iran’s surrender, and said Tehran had delivered a “slap to America’s face” by striking a US airbase in Qatar

Trump replied, in remarks to reporters and on social media: “Look, you’re a man of great faith. A man who’s highly respected in his country. You have to tell the truth. You got beat to hell.”

Iran has acknowledged that more than 900 people were killed in the war, as well as thousands injured. Iran’s retaliatory missile attacks on Israel killed at least 28 people there.

The ceasefire between the two countries took hold on June 24.

Since then, Iran has confirmed serious damage to its nuclear facilities, and denied access to them for inspectors from the United Nations’s nuclear watchdog, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

The IAEA’s inspectors had stayed in the Iranian capital throughout the fighting, even as Israel attacked Iranian military sites and killed several of the country’s most senior commanders and top scientists, as well as hundreds of civilians.

However, they left after Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian signed a law suspending cooperation with the IAEA on Wednesday.

IAEA Director-General Rafael Grossi on Friday stressed “the crucial importance” of dialogue with Iran to resume monitoring and verification work of its nuclear programme as soon as possible.

Iran was holding talks with the US on its nuclear programme when Israel launched its attacks. The US has been seeking a new agreement after Trump pulled the US out of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which Tehran signed with world powers in 2015.

Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Abbas Araghchi separately said on Thursday that the country remains committed to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), dismissing speculation that Iran would leave the international accord.

At least 43 dead and dozens missing in Texas floods

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Death toll from Texas floods reaches at least 43; dozens still missing

Using the ‘Madman Theory’, Trump attempts to reshape the world

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Allan Little profile image
Allan Little

Senior correspondent

BBC Treated image of Donald TrumpBBC

Asked last month whether he was planning to join Israel in attacking Iran, US President Donald Trump said “I may do it. I may not do it. Nobody knows what I’m going to do”.

He let the world believe he had agreed a two-week pause to allow Iran to resume negotiations. And then he bombed anyway.

A pattern is emerging: The most predictable thing about Trump is his unpredictability. He changes his mind. He contradicts himself. He is inconsistent.

“[Trump] has put together a highly centralised policy-making operation, arguably the most centralised, at least in the area of foreign policy, since Richard Nixon,” says Peter Trubowitz, professor of international relations at the London School of Economics.

“And that makes policy decisions more dependent on Trump’s character, his preferences, his temperament.”

Getty Images Donald Trump speaks to reporters before boarding the Marine One presidential helicopter and departing the White House on 24 June 2025 in Washington DC. Getty Images

Trump has learned to put his unpredictability to political use, making it a key strategic and political asset

Trump has put this to political use; he has made his own unpredictability a key strategic and political asset. He has elevated unpredictability to the status of a doctrine. And now the personality trait he brought to the White House is driving foreign and security policy.

It is changing the shape of the world.

Political scientists call this the Madman Theory, in which a world leader seeks to persuade his adversary that he is temperamentally capable of anything, to extract concessions. Used successfully it can be a form of coercion and Trump believes it is paying dividends, getting the US’s allies where he wants them.

But is it an approach that can work against enemies? And could its flaw be that rather than being a sleight of hand designed to fool adversaries, it is in fact based on well established and clearly documented character traits, with the effect that his behaviour becomes easier to predict?

Attacks, insults and embraces

Trump began his second presidency by embracing Russian President Vladimir Putin and attacking America’s allies. He insulted Canada by saying it should become the 51st state of the US.

He said he was prepared to consider using military force to annex Greenland, an autonomous territory of America’s ally Denmark. And he said the US should retake ownership and control of the Panama Canal.

Article 5 of the Nato charter commits each member to come to the defence of all others. Trump threw America’s commitment to that into doubt. “I think Article 5 is on life support” declared Ben Wallace, Britain’s former defence secretary.

Conservative Attorney General Dominic Grieve said: “For now the trans-Atlantic alliance is over.”

A series of leaked text messages revealed the culture of contempt in Trump’s White House for European allies. “I fully share your loathing of European freeloaders,” US Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth told his colleagues, adding “PATHETIC”.

AFP via Getty Images JD Vance and Pete Hegseth salute as the National Anthem is played at the Memorial Amphitheatre in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, on 26 May 2025.AFP via Getty Images

Pete Hegseth, right, called European leaders “freeloaders” in leaked messages while JD Vance, left, said the US would no longer be the guarantor of European security

In Munich earlier this year, Trump’s Vice-President JD Vance said the US would no longer be the guarantor of European security.

That appeared to turn the page on 80 years of trans-Atlantic solidarity. “What Trump has done is raise serious doubts and questions about the credibility of America’s international commitments,” says Prof Trubowitz.

“Whatever understanding those countries [in Europe] have with the United States, on security, on economic or other matters, they’re now subject to negotiation at a moment’s notice.

“My sense is that most people in Trump’s orbit think that unpredictability is a good thing, because it allows Donald Trump to leverage America’s clout for maximum gain…

“This is one of of his takeaways from negotiating in the world of real estate.”

Trump’s approach paid dividends. Only four months ago, Sir Keir Starmer told the House of Commons that Britain would increase defence and security spending from 2.3% of GDP to 2.5%.

Last month, at a Nato summit, that had increased to 5%, a huge increase, now matched by every other member of the Alliance.

The predictability of unpredictability

Trump is not the first American president to deploy an Unpredictability Doctrine. In 1968, when US President Richard Nixon was trying to end the war in Vietnam, he found the North Vietnamese enemy intractable.

“At one point Nixon said to his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, ‘you ought to tell the North Vietnamese negotiators that Nixon’s crazy and you don’t know what he’s going to do, so you better come to an agreement before things get really crazy’,” says Michael Desch, professor of international relations at Notre Dame University. “That’s the madman theory.”

Getty Images Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger confer aboard Air Force One as it heads towards Brussels, Belgium, for Nato talks on 26 June 1973.Getty Images

The madman theory has been associated with the foreign policy of Richard Nixon, seen here speaking to Henry Kissinger

Julie Norman, professor of politics at University College London, agrees that there is now an Unpredictability Doctrine.

“It’s very hard to know what’s coming from day to day,” she argues. “And that has always been Trump’s approach.”

Trump successfully harnessed his reputation for volatility to change the trans-Atlantic defence relationship. And apparently to keep Trump on side, some European leaders have flattered and fawned.

Last month’s Nato summit in The Hague was an exercise in obsequious courtship. Nato Secretary General Mark Rutte had earlier sent President Trump (or “Dear Donald”) a text message, which Trump leaked.

“Congratulations and thank you for your decisive action in Iran, it was truly extraordinary,” he wrote.

On the forthcoming announcement that all Nato members had agreed to increase defence spending to 5% of GDP, he continued: “You will achieve something NO president in decades could get done.”

Getty Images Donald Trump and Mark Rutte laugh while speaking to the media at the Nato summit on 25 June 2025 in The Hague, Netherlands.Getty Images

Nato Secretary General Mark Rutte sent Trump a congratulatory message ahead of the summit

Anthony Scaramucci, who previously served as Trump’s communications director in his first term, said: “Mr Rutte, he’s trying to embarrass you, sir. He’s literally sitting on Air Force One laughing at you.”

And this may prove to be the weakness at the heart of Trump’s Unpredictability Doctrine: their actions may be based on the idea that Trump craves adulation. Or that he seeks short-term wins, favouring them over long and complicated processes.

If that is the case and their assumption is correct, then it limits Trump’s ability to perform sleights of hand to fool adversaries – rather, he has well established and clearly documented character traits that they have become aware of.

The adversaries impervious to charm and threats

Then there is the question of whether an Unpredictability Doctrine or the Madman Theory can work on adversaries.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, an ally who was given a dressing down by Trump and Vance in the Oval Office, later agreed to grant the US lucrative rights to exploit Ukrainian mineral resources.

Vladimir Putin, on the other hand, apparently remains impervious to Trump’s charms and threats alike. On Thursday, following a telephone call, Trump said he was “disappointed” that Putin was not ready to end the war against Ukraine.

Reuters Zelensky, Trump and Vance looking tense in the Oval Office
Reuters

Zelensky was given a dressing down in the Oval Office but later agreed to grant the US rights to exploit Ukrainian mineral resources

And Iran? Trump promised his base that he would end American involvement in Middle Eastern “forever wars”. His decision to strike Iran’s nuclear facilities was perhaps the most unpredictable policy choice of his second term so far. The question is whether it will have the desired effect.

The former British Foreign Secretary, William Hague, has argued that it will do precisely the opposite: it will make Iran more, not less likely, to seek to acquire nuclear weapons.

Prof Desch agrees. “I think it’s now highly likely that Iran will make the decision to pursue a nuclear weapon,” he says. “So I wouldn’t be surprised if they lie low and do everything they can to complete the full fuel cycle and conduct a [nuclear] test.

“I think the lesson of Saddam Hussein and Muammar Gaddafi is not lost on other dictators facing the US and potential regime change…

“So the Iranians will desperately feel the need for the ultimate deterrent and they’ll look at Saddam and Gaddafi as the negative examples and Kim Jong Un of North Korea as the positive example.”

Reuters People celebrate what they say is Iran's victory, after Donald Trump announced a ceasefire between Israel and Iran, in Beirut, Lebanon, on 25 June 2025.Reuters

Many have argued that Iran is now more likely to try and acquire nuclear weapons after the US strikes

One of the likely scenarios is the consolidation of the Islamic Republic, according to Mohsen Milani, a professor of politics at the University of South Florida and author of Iran’s Rise and Rivalry with the US in the Middle East.

“In 1980, when Saddam Hussein attacked Iran his aim was the collapse of the Islamic Republic,” he says. “The exact opposite happened.

“That was the Israeli and American calculation too… That if we get rid of the top guys, Iran is going to surrender quickly or the whole system is going to collapse.”

A loss of trust in negotiations?

Looking ahead, unpredictability may not work on foes, but it is unclear whether the recent shifts it has yielded among allies can be sustained.

Whilst possible, this is a process built largely on impulse. And there may be a worry that the US could be seen as an unreliable broker.

“People won’t want to do business with the US if they don’t trust the US in negotiations, if they’re not sure the US will stand by them in defence and security issues,” argues Prof Norman. “So the isolation that many in the MAGA world seek is, I think, going to backfire.”

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz for one has said Europe now needs to become operationally independent of the US.

“The importance of the chancellor’s comment is that it’s a recognition that US strategic priorities are changing,” says Prof Trubowitz. “They’re not going to snap back to the way they were before Trump took office.

“So yes, Europe is going to have to get more operationally independent.”

AFP via Getty Images Friedrich Merz speaks with Donald Trump at the Nato summit in The Hague on 25 June 2025.AFP via Getty Images

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz says Europe now needs to become operationally independent of the US

This would require European nations to develop a much bigger European defence industry, to acquire kit and capabilities that currently only the US has, argues Prof Desch. For example, the Europeans have some sophisticated global intelligence capability, he says, but a lot of it is provided by the US.

“Europe, if it had to go it alone, would also require a significant increase in its independent armaments production capability,” he continues. “Manpower would also be an issue. Western Europe would have to look to Poland to see the level of manpower they would need.”

All of which will take years to build up.

So, have the Europeans really been spooked by Trump’s unpredictability, into making the most dramatic change to the security architecture of the western world since the end of the Cold War?

“It has contributed,” says Prof Trubowitz. “But more fundamentally, Trump has uncorked something… Politics in the United States has changed. Priorities have changed. To the MAGA coalition, China is a bigger problem than Russia. That’s maybe not true for the Europeans.”

And according to Prof Milani, Trump is trying to consolidate American power in the global order.

“It’s very unlikely that he’s going to change the order that was established after World War Two. He wants to consolidate America’s position in that order because China is challenging America’s position in that order.”

But this all means that the defence and security imperatives faced by the US and Europe are diverging.

The European allies may be satisfied that through flattery and real policy shifts, they have kept Trump broadly onside; he did, after all, reaffirm his commitment to Article 5 at the most recent Nato summit. But the unpredictability means this cannot be guaranteed – and they have seemed to accept that they can no longer complacently rely on the US to honour its historic commitment to their defence.

And in that sense, even if the unpredictability doctrine comes from a combination of conscious choice and Trump’s very real character traits, it is working, on some at least.

Top image credit: Getty Images

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14 children among the 37 fatalities in Texas flood

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Rescuers scoured flooded riverbanks littered with mangled trees Saturday and turned over rocks in the search for more than two dozen children from a girls’ camp and many others missing after a wall of water blasted down a river in the Texas Hill Country. The storm killed at least 37 people across the state, including 14 children.

Some 36 hours after the floods, authorities still have not said how many people were missing beyond 27 children from Camp Mystic, a Christian summer camp along a river in Kerr County where most of the dead were recovered.

The destructive fast-moving waters rose 26 feet (8 meters) on the Guadalupe River in just 45 minutes before daybreak Friday, washing away homes and vehicles. The danger was not over as torrential rains continued pounding communities outside San Antonio on Saturday and flash flood warnings and watches remained in effect.

Searchers used helicopters, boats and drones to look for victims and to rescue people stranded in trees and from camps isolated by washed-out roads.

Texas Gov. Greg Abbott vowed that authorities will be relentless in rescuing and recovering victims. “We will find every one of them,” he said.

The number of victims climbed as more rain continued around Austin and a massive search continued in the nearby Hill Country. At least three people died and 10 others were missing in Travis County, home to the state’s capital.

Two people died in Burnet County, where a firefighter was among the missing after he was swept away by floodwaters while responding to a rescue, the county Emergency Management Coordinator Derek Marchio said.

Kerr County Sheriff Larry Leitha said the bodies of 32 people had been recovered so far in the devastated Hill Country: 18 adults and 14 children.

Authorities were coming under growing scrutiny over whether the camps and residents in places long vulnerable to flooding received proper warning and whether enough preparations were made.

The hills along the Guadalupe River in central Texas are dotted with century-old youth camps and campgrounds where generations of families have come to swim and enjoy the outdoors. The area is especially popular around the July Fourth holiday, making it more difficult to know how many are missing.

“We don’t even want to begin to estimate at this time,” City Manager Dalton Rice said Saturday morning.

Raging storm hit camp in middle of the night

“The camp was completely destroyed,” said Elinor Lester, 13, one of hundreds of campers. “A helicopter landed and started taking people away. It was really scary.”

A raging storm fueled by incredible amounts of moisture woke up her cabin just after midnight Friday, and when rescuers arrived, they tied a rope for the girls to hold as they walked across a bridge with water whipping around their legs, she said.

Frantic parents and families posted photos of missing loved ones and pleas for information.

On Saturday, the camp was mostly deserted. Helicopters roared above as a few people looked at the damage, including a pickup truck tossed onto its side and a building missing its entire front wall.

Among those confirmed dead were an 8-year-old girl from Mountain Brook, Alabama, who was staying at Camp Mystic, and the director of another camp just up the road.

The flooding in the middle of the night caught many residents, campers and officials by surprise in the Hill Country, which sits northwest of San Antonio.

AccuWeather said the private forecasting company and the National Weather Service sent warnings about potential flash flooding hours before the devastation.

“These warnings should have provided officials with ample time to evacuate camps such as Camp Mystic and get people to safety,” AccuWeather said in a statement that called the Hill Country one of the most flash-flood-prone areas of the U.S. because of its terrain and many water crossings.

The National Weather Service sent out a series of flash flood warnings in the early hours Friday before issuing flash flood emergencies — a rare alert notifying of imminent danger.

Officials defended their actions while saying they had not expected such an intense downpour that was the equivalent of months’ worth of rain for the area.

One National Weather Service forecast earlier in the week “did not predict the amount of rain that we saw,” said Nim Kidd, chief of the Texas Division of Emergency Management.

Helicopters, drones used in frantic search for missing

Search crews were facing harsh conditions while “looking in every possible location,” Rice said.

Authorities said about 850 people had been rescued. U.S. Coast Guard helicopters were flying in to assist.

One reunification center at an elementary school was mostly quiet Saturday after taking in hundreds of evacuees the day before.

“We still have people coming here looking for their loved ones. We’ve had a little success, but not much,” said Bobby Templeton, superintendent of Ingram Independent School District.

Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem arrived and pledged that the Trump administration would use all available resources.

Residents clung to trees, fled to attics

In Ingram, Erin Burgess woke to thunder and rain in the middle of the night Friday. Just 20 minutes later, water was pouring into her home, she said. She described an agonizing hour clinging to a tree with her teenage son.

“My son and I floated to a tree where we hung onto it, and my boyfriend and my dog floated away. He was lost for a while, but we found them,” she said.

Barry Adelman said water pushed everyone in his three-story house into the attic, including his 94-year-old grandmother and 9-year-old grandson.

“I was having to look at my grandson in the face and tell him everything was going to be OK, but inside I was scared to death,” he said.

Local resident know it as “ flash flood alley. ”

“When it rains, water doesn’t soak into the soil,” said Austin Dickson, CEO of the Community Foundation of the Texas Hill Country, which was collecting donations. “It rushes down the hill.”

‘No one knew this kind of flood was coming’

The forecast for the weekend had called for rain, with a flood watch upgraded to a warning overnight Friday for at least 30,000 people. Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick said the potential for heavy rain and flooding covered a large area.

“Everything was done to give them a heads up that you could have heavy rain, and we’re not exactly sure where it’s going to land,” Patrick said. “Obviously as it got dark last night, we got into the wee morning of the hours, that’s when the storm started to zero in.”

Kerr County Judge Rob Kelly, the county’s chief elected official, said: “We do not have a warning system.”

When pushed on why more precautions weren’t taken, Kelly said no one knew this kind of flood was coming.

More pockets of heavy rains expected

The slow-moving storm brought more rain Saturday and had the potential for pockets of heavy downpours and more flooding, said Jason Runyen, of the National Weather Service.

The threat could linger overnight and into Sunday morning, he said.